Acacia salicina
| Acacia salicina | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| Clade: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | Acacia |
| Species: | A. salicina
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| Binomial name | |
| Acacia salicina | |
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| Occurrence data from AVH | |
| Synonyms | |
Acacia salicina is a thornless species of Acacia native to Australia. It is a large shrub or small evergreen[2] tree growing up to 13.7 m (45 ft) tall. It is a fast grower, dropping lots of leaf litter, with a life span of about 10–50 years. In its native range, A. salicina flowers from February to June.[3] In the Northern Hemisphere, A. salicina flowers primarily from October to January and the seed pods are often visible from April to July.[4] The tree's seeds are shiny, black and have a crimson appendage-like aril.[5] A. salicina is "closely related" to Acacia ligulata[6] and Acacia bivenosa.[7]
Naming
[edit]The specific epithet salicina refers to its pendulous, willow-like (genus Salix) habit. Common names include cooba, native willow, willow wattle, Broughton willow, sally wattle, black sallee and black wattle. The Wiradjuri people of New South Wales use the name Guba.[8] The 1889 book, The Useful Native Plants of Australia, records that common names included native willow and Broughton willow near the Broughton River in South Australia. It also records it was called Cooba or Kooba by Indigenous people in Western New South Wales and Motherumba by those on the Castlereagh River, New South Wales.[9]
Description
[edit]Acacia salicina is an erect or spreading shrub or tree 3–10 metres high, sometimes to 20 m, which often suckers freely. The bark is finely fissured and brownish. The branchlets are pendent, angled or flattened towards the apices, and glabrous.[3] The phyllodes are pendent, narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, straight or slightly curved, usually 5–16.5 cm long and 5–12 mm wide and glabrous. The phyllodes have a prominent midvein and are penniveined with a mucro at the apex. They have 2–5 small glands along the margin and the pulvinus is 1–3 mm long. [3] There are usually 1-8 inflorescences in an axillary raceme with axis 0.5–6 cm long. The peduncles are 4–15 mm long and glabrous. The flower heads are globose, 15–30-flowered, 7–10 mm in diameter, and pale yellow to white. [3] The seed pods are straight or slightly curved, roughly flat, straight-sided to irregularly constricted between the seeds, 3–12 cm long and 7–13 mm wide. They are woody and slightly longitudinally wrinkled when dry. The seeds are longitudinal and glabrous. The funicle is expanded with 2–4 folds towards the seed, and scarlet to orange. [3]
Chemical compounds
[edit]Wood
[edit]- (−)-7,8,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavanone[10]
- 7,8,3',4'-tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol[10]
- 7,8,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavonol[10]
Natural growing conditions
[edit]Acacia salicina is found throughout Australia, growing in regions receiving in excess of 1500mm annually in northern Queensland and as low as 100mm annually in central Australia. Its natural altitude range is from 50-300m above sea level.[5] It does well in full sun exposure and tolerates frosts down to -6.7 deg. C (20 deg. F).[2]
Uses
[edit]- Erosion management: Acacia salicina can be used to help stabilize riverbanks and other areas.[11]
- Fodder: The tree's foliage and seed pods are important fodder for livestock during dry periods, since the tree can withstand drought quite well.[11] Its foliage and pods compare quite poorly to other fodders with regard to digestibility by livestock. This affects its available nutritional value.[12] The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that "The leaves are eaten by stock. This is another tree which is rapidly becoming scarce, owing to the partiality of stock to it."[9]
- Food: The seeds are edible.[11]
- Landscaping: A. salicina is excellent for landscaping in dry areas.[11]
- Wood: The wood is very hard and it is used in making fine furniture.[11] At one time, the tree's wood was used in the manufacture of axles for wagon wheels. A. salicina's wood burns well and makes good fuel.[11] Its calorific content is 18900kJ/kg dry mass.[12] The tree produces seed and timber for woodworking in as little as five years after planting.[13]
- Other uses: The bark has been traditionally put to use by Indigenous Australians as a toxin for fishing.[11] The leaves of A. salicina are thought to be psychoactive, since indigenous Australians "burn its leaves and smoke the ash to obtain a state of inebriation."[14]
Weed status
[edit]Acacia salicina spreads widely through seed dispersal, and individual trees can rapidly form thickets through production of adventitious shoots from the root system. The species has become a significant weed over some of its native[12][15] and introduced range.[16]
Gallery
[edit]-
Acacia salicina near Longreach, Queensland -
Bark -
Branches with seed pods -
Foliage and pods with seeds -
A. salicina inflorescences and foliage, Burke River floodplain, Boulia, Queensland -
A. salicina habit, Burke River floodplain, Boulia, Queensland -
A. salicina foliage, Richmond River, Ballina, New South Wales. -
A. salicina, Richmond River, Ballina, New South Wales.
References
[edit]
- ^ "ILDIS LegumeWeb (version 10)". Ildis.org. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- ^ a b Gardens At Carefree Town Center - Plant Identification List Archived April 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e "NSW Flora Online: Acacia salicina". Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ PDF Ursula K. Schuch and Margaret Norem, Growth of Legume Tree Species Growing in the Southwestern United States, University of Arizona.
- ^ a b "Species Bank Treatment for Acacia Salicina". Environment.gov.au. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- ^ "Fact Sheet for Acacia ligulata". Archived from the original on 2007-08-29. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
- ^ "Acacia ligulata - WATTLE". Worldwidewattle.com. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- ^ Williams, Alice; Sides, Tim, eds. (2008). Wiradjuri Plant Use in the Murrumbidgee Catchment. Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7347-5856-9.
- ^ a b J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
- ^ a b c Clark-Lewis, J. W.; Nair, V. (15 March 1964). "Flavan derivatives. X. 7,8,3',4'-Tetrahydroxyflavanone and 7,8,3',4'- Tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol from Acacia species". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 17 (10): 1164–1169. doi:10.1071/ch9641164. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Acacia Salicina Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine, Csu.edu.au
- ^ a b c "Acacia Search" (PDF). Worldwidewattle.com. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- ^ Victorian Landcare & Catchment Management, Autumn 2003 Issue 27 p. 8
- ^ Yaniv, Zohara; Bachrach, Uriel (25 July 2005). Handbook of Medicinal Plants. CRC Press. p. 183. ISBN 9781560229957. Retrieved 15 March 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Listed invasive native species by Catchment Management Authority" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-19. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
- ^ "Invasive Plants Database". Invasive.m-fuukei.jp. Retrieved 15 March 2022.